Neuropeptide Kisspeptin-10 release FSH and LH for sale with good quality

What is Neuropeptide kisspeptin?

Neuropeptide Kisspeptin-10, also known as kiss1, was first identified in 1996 as a transfer suppressor in human cell lines.

The Kiss1 gene encodes a protein composed of 145 amino acids. In the human body, this protein is processed into a 54-amino acid peptide called kisspeptin, which, like several other neuropeptides, has a unique RF-amide motifs in its C-terminal region. It binds and activates the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54, which stimulates hypothalamic neurons to release GnRH, leading to pituitary gonadotropin (LH and FSH) and sex hormone secretion.

Kisspeptin is a key regulator of the onset of puberty, regulation of sex hormone-mediated gonadotropin secretion, and fertility control. Inactivated or activated mutations in Kiss1 and GPR54 genes are associated with hypogonadotropin hypogonadism (IHH) and precocious puberty (CPP).

Neuropeptide kisspeptin-10 has three main functions

1. Activation of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus leads to GnRH release, which leads to the release of FSH and LH.
2. Inhibit the development of tumors.
3. Treat low libido.

How kisspeptin-10 activates GnRH Neurons 

Bodybuilder is all too familiar with HPTA, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis whose positive and negative feedback controls the production and cessation of testosterone in men. HPGA is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. HPGA controls all stages of reproduction. The hypothalamus produces GnRH into the anterior pituitary and stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH. Slow GnRH pulsation is conducive to FSH secretion, while fast pulse frequency supports LH secretion.

What is the hypothalamic-Pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA)? 

The positive and negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) controls the secretion and cessation of sex hormones in both men and women, and its normal work maintains the normal levels of sex hormones in both men and women, thus maintaining physiological functions. This is something that happens every day in the adult body, and HPGA plays an important role in adult men and women. However, HPGA is not form in adulthood; all its components are establish in the foetus, activate in the neonatal period, then become stationary in childhood and cannot reactivate until puberty.

GnRH Secretion Triggers Onset of Puberty 

Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are functional at birth, but after a perinatal hormone surge, they are directly suppressed in infancy and no longer function. Until puberty, dormant GnRH neurons are awakened to rerelease GnRH. GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus drives the pituitary gland to secrete the release of gonadotropin (follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH).

In males, the increased release of GnRH pulses during puberty activates gonadotropin secretion, which in turn leads to increased testosterone secretion levels in the testis, binding with FSH to initiate spermatogenesis. Tetanic LH secretion consists of intermittent episodes of hormone secretion that reflect the corresponding pattern of pulsing GnRH release in the hypothalamus.

In women, increased impulsive GnRH release also drives gonadotropin secretion, which is responsible for follicular formation and estradiol (E2) secretion.

After puberty is complete, HPGA is officially complete and functional. Puberty begins through increase production of GnRH, however, it remains an open question how GnRH neurons activate during puberty.

Neuropeptide Kisspeptin controls GnRH pulse Production 

Subsequent 15 years of research have shown that hypothalamic kisspeptin acts upstream of GnRH and mediates sex hormone feedback and metabolism on the reproductive axis. This neuropeptide is necessary to start puberty and maintain normal reproductive function,

Clinical studies have shown that inactivated mutations in the GPR54 gene lead to impaired pubertal maturation and reproductive function in humans, accompanied by insufficient production of gonadotropin, or hypogonadotropin. GPR54 is an orphan G-protein-couple receptor,

kisspeptin is an endogenous ligand of GPR54.

In experiments, mice with kisspeptin, or GPR54 knockouts, showed adolescent exhaustion and infertility. In addition, kesspeptin knockout rats never exhibited puberty and showed a lack of pulse and surge patterns of gonadotropin secretion. These findings all strongly suggest that kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling plays a key role in the mechanisms that control GnRH/ gonadotropin secretion and the onset of puberty in mammals.

Kisspeptin Neurons Mediate Positive and negative feedback of Sex Hormones 

The distribution of kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus varies from species to species. In mammals there are two main neuronal regions, one is the ARC (the arched nucleus is equivalent to the INF in humans) and the other is located in the anterior ventral periventricular nucleus and periventricular nucleus continuum (AVPV-PeN) in rodents and the preoptic region (POA) in other mammals. kisspeptin neurons located in AVPV-Pens in rodents may be equivalent to neurons in POAs in other animals.

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH released by the hypothalamus promotes the secretion of LH and FSH, and we believe that the pulsating secretion of these hormones is induced by negative feedback of sex hormones. The surge pattern of GnRH release and subsequent LH surge are caused by positive feedback of sex hormones. However, the underlying mechanism of positive and negative feedback on sex hormones remains unproven. Because although GnRH plays a fundamental role in HPGA, the major receptors (estrogen receptor α, ERα) that regulate negative and positive sex hormone feedback processes in the hypothalamus are not detect in GnRH neurons.

It was not until relevant studies on kisspeptin, which show that it was the main upstream regulator of GnRH pulsation and surge secretion, that kisspeptin neurons detect in the hypothalamic region, which mediate positive and negative feedback of sex hormones respectively.

Neuropeptide Kisspeptin benefits

Inducing LH release 

Women with hypothalamic amenorrhea due to slow GnRH pulsation can be corrected by kisspeptin therapy to increase GnRH secretion.

When inject kisspeptin subcutaneously at a dose of 6.4nmol/kg(37µg/kg), LH secretion increased 10-fold and FSH secretion increase 2.5 fold, both reaching normal physiological levels.

Increase testosterone levels 

Men with type 2 diabetes often have low levels of testosterone, which would increase by kissppeptin treatment.

In this study, LH production in diabetic hypogonadal men increased two-fold with intravenous kisspeptin administration of 0.3µg/kg (0.23nmol/kg), and was the same as the average LH peak in healthy men after treatment.

For hypogonadotropin hypogonadism, a higher dose of 4 µg/kg/h (3.1 nmol/kg/h) resulted in a significant five-fold increase in LH release and an increase in serum testosterone to the normal physiological range.

Treating Low Libido 

The neuropeptide kisspeptin help improve libido in people with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). HSDD affects up to 8% of men and 10% of women worldwide.

The expression of Kiss1 and its homologous receptors is not limit to the hypothalamus; they are also expresse in limbic brain structures. The limbic system plays a role in emotions and reproductive behavior.

In one study involving 32 premenopausal women and 32 men with HSDD, taking kisspeptin improved sexual brain processing in both women and men compared to those taking a placebo, resulting in a positive effect on sexual behavior.

A 2017 study of 29 healthy, heterosexual young men showed that kisspeptin administration increased limbic brain activity, specifically in response to sex hormones and conjugal-relationship stimuli. In addition, kisspeptin management lessens negative emotions.

Kisspeptin locate at the top of the reproductive axis, above gonadal hormones known to involve in sexual and emotional processing, such as testosterone and other reproductive hormones. It is also essential in reproduction, from regulating GnRH pulsation, estrous cycles and sexual development to aging.

Kisspeptin vs PT141 

The neuropeptide Kisspeptin is a brain chemical naturally produce by the body that is involve in reproduction, sexual behavior, and sexual attraction,

PT141 works by activating the melanocortin pathway in the hypothalamus. This sends a message directly to the penis to implement a response. PT 141, approved by the FDA for low sexual desire in women, also helps with arousal issues in women.

Reproductive health benefits 

Kisspeptin levels increased 200 times in the third trimester of pregnancy compared to women who were not pregnant. Plasma kisspeptin below 1630pmol/L in early pregnancy is considered to be a sign of miscarriage.

Kiss1 plays a role in controlling the rate of syncytiotrophoblast invasion and angiogenesis, ensuring that early placental formation occurs in a controlled and sequential manner.

Inhibition of tumor development 

Kisspeptin, also known as Metastin, has the ability to inhibit cell invasion and alter cell movement and adhesion, helping to prevent metastasis of melanoma and breast cancer. When kisspeptin binds to other pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha, it blocks cancer cell invasion by stimulating apoptosis.

Kisspeptin vs HCG 

When male bodybuilder uses exogenous androgens to improve performance or TRT patients use exogenous androgens as testosterone replacement therapy, a large amount of exogenous androgens will trigger the negative feedback of HPTA and stop the secretion of endogenous testosterone. Low levels of endogenous testosterone are also the cause of testicular atrophy.

HCG can mimic the effects of LH(luteinizing hormone) and FSH(folliclestatin) to help men with low testosterone levels to restore their normal testosterone levels, and to a certain extent can prevent and treat testicular atrophy. Male bodybuilders use HCG for a long time to restore testosterone levels during PCTS.

Kisspeptin acts upstream of HPTA and stimulates GnRH neurons to release gonadotropin, which can stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH, thus increasing testosterone levels in men. It can stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone without the hypogonadism that occurs with the use of exogenous testosterone. It reverse the effects of hypogonadotropin hypogonadism. In other words, it prevents your body from stopping its own production of testosterone.

So Kisspeptin could replace HCG in restoring endogenous testosterone.

Neuropeptide Kisspeptin review

Kisspeptin is a neuromodulator produce primarily in the arcuate and periventricular nuclei of the third ventricle of the hypothalamus. It acts through the KISS1 receptor and stimulates GnRH production. It plays a crucial role in the onset of puberty, feedback mechanisms, egg development, semen quality, libido, pregnancy and lactation. Kisspeptin involve in the production of sex hormones in the ovaries and testes. Kisspeptin has an effect on the entire reproductive axis from the hypothalamus to the ovaries because it AIDS in ovulation and plays an important role in oocyte development. It is also responsible for the positive and negative feedback mechanism of estrogen to LH. Its effects on the testicles are critical for testicular decline and penis growth during development, and can improve semen quality during fertility. In addition to its reproductive function, it is also known as metastin because it prevents metastasis of melanoma and breast cancer.